Timber semi-trailers

Content

• 1 Design
• 2 Log transport vehicle 2.1 Chassis
• 2.2 Additional equipment 2.2.1 Timber frame

Log transporter

In general, a log carrier is a vehicle for transporting long, elongated cargo (pipes, rolled products, poles, logs, lumber). However, vehicles transporting timber have their own characteristics.

Chassis

Timber truck with manipulator
As a basis for timber trucks, as a rule, a serial cargo chassis and an additional superstructure are used. Some automakers (for example, MAZ) themselves install timber superstructures on their chassis, other automakers (for example, Mercedes-Benz) do not produce timber trucks themselves, but third-party companies (for example, Alucar) install superstructures and additional equipment on the basis of their chassis. equipment. The main requirements that determine the choice of chassis are operating conditions. A timber truck engaged in transshipment directly in the forest (100% off-road driving) must have increased cross-country ability: all-wheel drive, differential locks, high ground clearance, it is also desirable to have a winch and a tire pressure control system. If the timber truck is engaged in transportation from the plots along prepared roads (about 30% are forest roads, 70% are highways), then the need for all-wheel drive disappears (at the same time, efficiency increases and the car goes better on the highway), but the presence of bridge locks is highly desirable. If the timber truck is engaged only in transporting timber from lower warehouses, to which there is a paved road, or transporting timber or lumber without entering the forest (100% driving on the highway), then there is no need for increased off-road requirements for the chassis.

Optional equipment

Lesorama

It is a base of two longitudinal spars, to which U-shaped supports, the so-called bunks,

. The timber frame itself is attached directly to the car frame. In modern models of foresters, bunks are made with the ability to move longitudinally along the timber frame for optimal load retention. One package (pack) of timber must be located inside at least two pairs of bunks. But the more bunks that hold a bundle of timber, the more reliable the retention of the load. At the same time, it must remain possible for unhindered loading/unloading of timber. The most common length of logs (both pulpwood and sawlogs) is 4 or 6 meters. Therefore, the bunks are positioned so that it is convenient to load, transport and unload both 4-meter assortments and 6-meter ones.

Operating rules

To prevent the logs from moving forward, towards the cabin, a safety grid must be placed on the front part of the timber frame, which must be no lower than the height of the bunks, so that not a single log moves forward when moving or braking. To secure a bundle of timber, cable fastenings - strappings - are usually used. On one side of the timber frame there are winches with cables. The cables wrap around the entire stack and are secured on the opposite side with hooks, after which the cable is pulled by a winch, and all the logs in the stack are pressed tightly against each other, which prevents the load from shifting or falling out onto the road. During the ride, the logs are stacked more tightly, so the tension of the harnesses weakens. On the way, the driver must periodically tighten them.

Additional Security Measures

In addition, there are protective covers on the forest frame that prevent large branches, logs, stones or pieces of ice from getting on rotating and unprotected parts of the car (wheels, brake chambers, driveshafts, hoses, or wiring). Some timber frames are equipped with a protective cross beam, which prevents the log loader from accidentally catching and damaging the timber frame or casings when unloading the entire stack.

Hydraulic manipulator

Some timber trucks are equipped with a hydraulic manipulator for independent loading and unloading. In this case, the vehicle chassis must be equipped with a power take-off and an oil pump. The manipulator itself is usually located in the rear of the vehicle for ease of loading both onto the vehicle itself and onto the trailer. Modern models of manipulators have the ability to move slightly along the timber frame back and forth to reduce the overall length when empty and extend when transporting long logs. To protect the operator from bad weather, some manipulators are equipped with a separate cabin.

Other structural elements

In the forest, in conditions of narrow roads and the absence of artificial lighting at night, additional light is not superfluous. Therefore, timber trucks are often equipped with additional spotlights to illuminate the road both in front and behind. Another feature of forest roads is the absence of gas stations, while fuel consumption in the forest is always increased (long driving in low gear, maneuvering, waiting for loading and oncoming traffic), so timber trucks and especially cars with a manipulator are equipped with larger fuel tanks. Very often, forest roads are not in the best condition, so the kit always includes snow chains and metal gratings for overcoming slippery areas on your own, as well as a tow rope, a shovel and a small supply of sand/slag for adding under the wheels. Some cars have sand bunkers (so-called sandboxes)

), for automatic filling under the drive wheels.

Trailers

KAMAZ 44108 with a trailer in Yurt (Irkutsk region)
Timber trailers are not equipped with a separate timber frame. The bunks are attached directly to the trailer's supporting frame to reduce weight and lower the center of gravity. Otherwise, the design of bunks and winches is exactly the same as on a car. Some trailers have a sliding frame to transport from 8 to 12 meters of total length of assortment. In the case of a semi-trailer, the safety bar is installed on the semi-trailer and not on the vehicle.

Differences in trailer types and some driving features

The trailer and semi-trailer have their advantages and disadvantages when working in the forest. On slippery slopes, a trailer is an unnecessary anchor that takes traction away from the drive wheels. A semi-trailer always puts a load on the drive wheels, so there will be less slipping on a slippery slope with a semi-trailer. A smaller turning area for a semi-trailer is needed, because the tractor has a smaller base and a smaller turning radius than a timber truck with a trailer. In addition, the trailer has 2 steering axles (towbar and turntable), and maneuvering backwards requires much more skill than on a semi-trailer. However, on an empty trailer the situation is made easier by locking (corkscrewing) the turntable. When turning on narrow roads, the semi-trailer cuts the corner and there is a possibility that on a very narrow turn the semi-trailer may leave the road and overturn. There are also cases when an experienced driver can fold the trailer’s swivel cart “under itself” and turn it around on a very small area[1], which is impossible on a semi-trailer without sliding into a ditch. In addition, there is no point in unhooking a stuck semi-trailer from the tractor. Such a hitch can only be pulled out by another car or tractor. But in such cases, a stuck trailer is unhooked from the tractor, after which the tractor drives out onto a flat, solid area and pulls out its trailer with a cable, after which the reverse coupling is carried out.

A separate type is the dissolution trailer, designed for the transport of trees with a whip. The trailer is a single- or two-axle trolley with one or two pairs of bunks. The rear part of the pack of whips is attached to this cart, and the front part is fixed in the bunks of the tractor vehicle. A folding or telescopic pipe extends between the tractor and the spreader, which is both a frame and a drawbar. Electrical wiring and brake hoses also run along this pipe. In the transport position, the dismantling cart is loaded onto the tractor using a winch. The main task of the dissolution is the transfer of long logs (sometimes up to 24 meters) from the plot to the upper warehouse or from the upper to the lower for bucking (cutting the logs to the overall length of the balance - 4 or 6 meters). A tractor operating with a spreader is usually always an all-wheel drive vehicle with single wheels. Examples of such vehicles are the Ural-4320 and KamAZ-43118 all-terrain vehicles. In this case, the track width of the tractor is the same as that of the dissolution. This is due to the fact that the dismantling cart must follow the track of the tractor. Otherwise, excessive resistance to vehicle movement occurs, and the road deteriorates.

Active trailers

It is not uncommon for timber trailers to be equipped with drive axles that engage when the tractor slips. The rotation is transmitted through:

• PTO
• Hydraulic drive
• Pneumatic drive
• Electric drive (possible in the future on hybrid versions).

Ural-4320 – Timber carrier

Ural-4320 – Timber carrier

A timber hauler, built on the basis of an all-terrain truck Ural-4320 (with a 6×6 wheel arrangement), is designed for transporting round timber (or long lumber) on all categories of roads and off-road, and thanks to the presence of a hydraulic manipulator, also for loading and unloading of cargo transported by it.

This machine has been “cruising” the vast expanses of Russia and many other countries for decades, enjoying stable demand among timber traders.

The overall length of the head (traction) part of the Ural-4320 timber truck is 7588 mm, the width does not exceed 2500 mm, and the maximum height (including the hydraulic manipulator) is 4000 mm. The truck has a 3525 mm gap between the axles (the base of the rear bogie is 1400 mm), and its ground clearance is 360 mm. Dimensions, number of axles and distance of the towed part vary.

Job

Loading

Loading

• Place fastening chains or straps on the bottom.
• Start loading one or more logs at a time.
• Fasten the belts (chains)

Machines for timber loading [2].

Unloading

Unloading

Upon arrival at the warehouse or plant, the entire stack is unloaded using fastening belts; the belts are usually replaced or old ones are installed. The same thing happens when transshipment at ports and railway stations using a crane. Unloading a whole stack with a manipulator is impossible [3].

Forestry tractor (forwarder)

Ponsse forwarder
Similar types of timber carriers (forwarders) are used in conjunction with a harvester in modern (so-called Scandinavian)

) deforestation. The forwarder is an articulated off-road tractor with a manipulator and a cargo trolley with a timber frame at the rear. He drives behind the harvester and loads the logs onto himself, after which he takes them to the upper warehouse, and also loads them onto timber trucks. Essentially, a forwarder replaces a skidder and a whip carrier. These machines, as a rule, work only in the forest and they are not intended for driving on public roads, although they are sometimes used for this purpose.

Main brands:

• Kirovets
• Walmet
• Timberjack
• Ponsse
• Komatsu
• John Deere

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Railway timber wagons

Timber wagons
Over long distances, timber and other lumber are transported mainly by rail in timber wagons. Transportation of timber on narrow gauge railways can be carried out in assortments and in logs. To transport assortments, platforms are used, on which metal racks are additionally installed. To transport timber in logs, coupling cars are used [4]. The coupling car consists of two identical semi-couplers, which are connected to each other by a rod (the length of the rod is set depending on the length of the rods) [5].

Coupling cars with whips

Types

• Narrow-gauge coupling car for transportation of logs and logs [6] on narrow-gauge railways (load capacity 27 tons) [7].
• A narrow-gauge platform car (with vertical racks) for transporting logs and logs on narrow-gauge railways (load capacity 10-23 tons) [8].
• A flat car is equipped with metal racks and is intended for transportation of timber cargo by broad gauge railway [9].
• Specialized timber car

Car manufacturers

• Uralvagonzavod
• Tver Carriage Works
• Altaivagon
• Kambar Machine-Building Plant

Timber carrier URAL 55571-70 with self-tightening flap (Timber road train)

Condition: New, 2020

Timber truck URAL with a self-tightening trailer, based on the URAL-55571-1151-70 chassis with a 6x6 wheel arrangement. Diesel engine YaMZ-536, 240 hp, EURO-4, ID-P284 tires. Rigid rotating bunks, protective fence. Timber trailer model 888510 with a telescopic drawbar for transporting logs up to 23 meters.

Main characteristics of a timber truck on the Ural 55571-70 chassis with self-tightening flap

Notes

1. U-turn in the mountains.
2. Lifting and transport machines description.
3. Forestry equipment description.
4. Coupling cars for timber transportation 2012. (inaccessible link - history
   ). Retrieved November 16, 2012. Archived May 25, 2014.
5. Coupling cars for transporting timber.
6. COUCH CAR.
7. Coupling cars description.
8. Narrow gauge platform car description.
9. Transportation of timber by rail.